Refuting Islamophobic Claims That Jihadists Represent Traditional and Mainstream Interpretations of Islam: Part 7 On Takfirism
Takfiri Narratives of Jihadists vs. Traditional
Dealing with Takfir
Main Points
Takfiri narratives of Jamat al-Takfir wal-Hijra
and Other Jihadists
Takfiri Narratives Mainly Target Mainstream
Muslims
Classical Scholars and the Issue of Takfir
Ahadith That Prohibit the Takfir of Muslims
A Muslim can’t be declared a Kafir unless he
himself rejects any basic beliefs
Comparison between Takfiri Jihadists and
Traditional Scholars Prove that Islamophobic claim is wrong
……………….
By New Age Islam Special Correspondent
25 Jun 2021
Islamophobes frequently claim
that Jihadists represent the true version of Islam just as it is recorded in
traditional interpretations of Islamic laws and sources. We have studied in the
previous six parts that the Islamobhophic claim as such is not correct.
Taking this subject forward, we will now focus on the takfiri narratives
of Jihadists to observe the contrast between them and the classical
interpretation of Islam; which would surely nullify the Islamophobic
claim.
Takfiri narratives of Jihadists
Among the Jihadists, Jamat al-Takfir
wal-Hijra (ex-communication and exodus), a name given to the most extreme Takfiri group Jama’at
al-Muslimin founded by Shukri Mustafa as an offshoot of the Muslim
Brotherhood is described as “a matrix of terrorist cells” – allied to Bin Laden
but often more extreme than him. This group is reported to have formed “the
most extreme and violent strand in the Salafist Jihadist movement which inspired
“some of the tactics and methods used by Al-Qaeda and whose Takfiri
and violent ideology is being embraced by a growing number of Salafist
jihadists living in Europe. This group holds the view that “man-made laws” are
‘illegitimate’ and that “theft, kidnapping, forced marriages and even the
assassination of anyone who does not accept their ideology are justified. The Takfiri
narrative of this group is more extreme than any other Jihadist groups. The
following are some Takfiri narratives of Jamat al-Takfir wal-Hijra,
most of which are also embraced by other Jihadist groups:
• Every
perpetrator of a major sin (Gunah-e-Kabirah) who insists on major sins
and does not repent of them is a disbeliever (Kaafir).
• The
Muslim authorities and rulers who don’t make decisions according to what has
been revealed by Allah Almighty are absolutely infidels.
• The Ulama
and scholars are Kaafir because they don’t declare the perpetrator of
major sins (Kabair) and the non-practising rulers to be Kaafir.
•
Anyone who does not accept their Jihadist and Takfiri ideologies
presented to him is declared a Kaafir. Even the person who accepts their
ideologies but does not join their Jihadist group is considered to be a Kaafir.
•
However, a person who leaves the group after joining it is called an apostate
and his blood is permissible for them. Therefore, all the religious groups to
which their call has reached but they have not come to swear allegiance to
their Imam are Kaafir and outside the pale of Islam.
•
Obeying anyone other than Allah and His Messenger is an act of shirk.
Therefore, every person who believes in the statements of the Imams or the
consensus including the consensus (ijma’) of the Companions, or whoever
believes in Qiyas (the process of deductive analogy), or Masalih
Mursalah (publics interests) or Istihsan (juristic discretion) and
other such jurisprudential proof is a Kaafir.
• The
Islamic periods after the fourth century AH are infidel and ignorant because
they (referring to mainstream Sunni-Sufi Muslims who follow any of the four
jurisprudential schools) have been worshipping the 'idol of imitation (taqleed)',
and which has been worshipped apart from God. Therefore, it is obligatory for a
Muslim to know the rules of Shari'ah with proofs. It is not permissible
for them to imitate (do taqleed) in any matters of religion.
• The
words or deeds of a Companion are not an argument, even if he is the Righteous
Caliph!
•
Migration (Hijrah) is another major factor in their Jihadist thinking.
By this, they mean conscious separation from the ignorant society. For the
Jihadists, all the societies of today are ignorant. Isolation from these
societies is compulsory; otherwise, it will lead to the acts of Kufr and
Shirk.
• These
Jihadists reject the sayings of the classical scholars and Ulama who
have access to research in jurisprudential matters. They don't value the books
available on Tafsir and Aqaid. Most of the great classical
scholars who are the authors of these books do not prove to be Muslims in their
eyes.
• They
claim to believe in the authoritativeness of the Quran and Sunnah.
However, it can be noticed that they first establish an opinion, then forcibly
and unjustly apply the Qur'anic words to their opinion, and accept what
is in accordance with their sayings in the Sunnah. When something does
not suit them, they find a way either to reject it or say "this does not
mean what is popularly understood"!
The most important book that explains all the
secrets of their Jihadist ideology and creeds is "Zikriyyat Ma
Jamaat-e-Muslimeen - Al-Takfir wal Hijra" authored by Abdul
Rahman Abu Al-Khair, a member of Jamat al-Takfir wal Hijra, who later
left this group.
Sayyid Qutb’s books, “Fi Zilal al-Quran”
and ‘Ma’alim fi al-Tariq’ inspired the Takfiri ideology of ISIS.
It is well-known that Sayyid Qutb and other Muslim Brotherhood ideologues were
greatly inspired by Maulana Maududi’s concept of Hukumat-e-Ilahiyyah.
Abu Muhammad al-‘Adnani, one of the leading members of ISIS, got inspiration
from Sayyid Qutb’s book of Tafsir “Fi Zilal al-Quran”.
Turki ibn Mubarak al-Binali says, “Adnani studied
this book systematically for twenty years. During one of the lessons, he went
through the Tafsir of the Quranic verse, “Whoever does not judge
with what Allah has revealed; those are the infidels” (5:44). He asked one of
his colleagues, what are the sources of the Syrian constitution? What is the
legislative authority? What is the executive and judicial authority? When the
colleague replied, Adnani then asked: so our government is an infidel? The
cleric left. That was his way of debating issues”. Adnani later joined ISIS and
became one of its leading spokesmen.
In his book ‘Risala al-Iman’, Salih
Sirriya, a Salafi Jihadist ideologue (1933-1974), does takfir
(ex-communication) of the Muslim rulers, describes common Muslims as belonging
to Jahiliyyah community and declares their state ‘Dar al-Harb’.
He further says, “The present governance in all Muslim countries is undoubtedly
the infidel governance and the communities in all these countries belong to Jahiliyya
(pre-Islamic age of ignorance in Arabia).”
Takfiri Narratives Mainly Target Mainstream
Muslims
No casual observer of Takfiri narratives
of Jihadists can deny the fact that they have caused great destruction for the
Muslim community throughout the world. They have led to killing Muslims in
Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan by declaring them “apostates”. Comparatively
speaking, the Takfiri narratives are designed to harm Muslims more than
non-Muslims. The Muslim civilians in the affected countries have now been
wandering as homeless, orphans, widows or the ones living the life of refugees
with the support of the foreign countries. Their acts of worship, which they
were freely doing before getting affected by the Takfiri Jihadists have
now been under disturbing circumstances or specs of doubt and suspicion.
Classical Scholars and the Issue of Takfir
Doing takfir
(ex-communication) of a Muslim individual has also been the practice of the
classical and traditional scholars from among the mainstream Muslims. However,
unlike the Jihadists, the classical Muslim scholars took extreme caution in the
matter of Takfir. They do Takfir only when an individual publicly
rejects the basic and essential beliefs (zaruriyat-e-deen), otherwise,
they hold the general view that the people of Qibla are not be
excommunicated.
The general view of the standard and classical
scholars of Islamic law (Fiqh) is that it is prohibited to do Takfir
of any believer unless he himself rejects any basic beliefs essential for a
person to remain a Muslim. They apply this understanding and interpretation to
the following Ahadith:
The messenger of Allah Almighty, Muhammad (peace
be upon him) said: If a person says to his brother, O’ Kaafir
(disbeliever)! Then surely one of them is such. (i.e.; Kaafir) (Sahih
Bukhari Volume 8 Book 73 Number 125)
The same Hadith is narrated with slightly
different words in Muslim Shareef:
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:
“Any person who calls his brother: O Unbeliever, (then, the truth of this
label) would return to one of them. If it is true, (then it is) as he asserted,
(but if it is not true), then it returns to him (and thus the person who made
the accusation is an unbeliever). [Sahih Muslim Book 001, Number
0117:]
"Whoever attributes Kufr [unbelief]
to a believer, he is like his murderer". (Narrated by Tirmidhi and
Bukhari)
"Withhold [your tongues] from those who say "There
is no god but Allah" --- do not call them Kaafir. Whoever calls a reciter
of Kalima "There is no god but Allah" as a Kaafir is
nearer to being a Kaafir himself”. (Tabarani, reported from Ibn Umar)
"Three things are the basis of faith. [One
is] to withhold from one who says "There is no god but Allah" --- do
not call him Kaafir for any sin, nor expel him from Islam for any
misconduct". (Abu Dawud)
They interpret that these Ahadith (plural
of Hadith) mentioned above, formulate a legal value not to describe a
believer or a Muslim as Kaafir unless he himself rejects any essential
beliefs (zaruriyat-e-din). The law is so strict that if the accusation
is not true, the accuser himself will be considered a Kaafir. Some
excerpts from the classical and traditional books appreciated by mainstream
Muslims are as follows;
“One of the doctrines of Ahl as-Sunnah
(the people of Sunnah) is that none of the people of the Qibla can and
should be called Kafir” (Sharh ‘Aqai’d al-Nasafiyyah by Allamah Sa'ad al-Din
al-Taftazani, p.121)
“A ruling of Takfir should not be offered
to a Muslim if there is a possibility of interpreting his words in a favourable
manner” (Rad al-Mukhtar, Book of Jihad, Chapter on Apostasy)
Pointing out to Imam Abu Hanifa the founder of
the Hanafi School of thought, It has been said, “He did not describe
anyone from among the people of the Qibla as Kaafir”. (Sharh
al-Mawaqif, 5th part)
Imam Azam Abu Hanafi RA said:
“Nothing expels a man from faith except for the denial of what brought him in
it (faith)”. (Rad al-Mukhtar, Vol 3, P.310)
Allama Mulla Ali Qari said, “It is extremely
serious to drive a Muslim out of the faith” (Sharh al-Shifa, vol 2, p.500)
Allama Jalaluddin said, “Takfir of people
of the Qibla is itself an act of disbelief”. (Dalail al-Masail)
“Various Imams have clearly said that if there is
any ground for not enacting Takfīr, The Takfiri ruling should not
be issued, even if that ground is weak”. (Raf al-Ishtiba an Ibarat
al-Ishtiba, p.4)
A widely known Sufi saint, Khwajah Mir Dard
RA (1785), one of the three major poets of the Delhi School said: “We do not
call the people of the Qibla Kaafir, even though they may be
following false and different beliefs in most matters. This is because of the
very fact that faith in the oneness of Allah Almighty, the prophet-hood of
Muhammad (peace be upon him) and turning towards the Qibla do not drive
them out of their faith. Thus, they would be among such Muslims who follow
later inventions (evil inventions) and falsehood. The holy prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him said), “hold back in the matter of the Qibla people that you
do not call them Kafir”. Ilm al-Kitab, p.75)
Besides, there are more of the great Islamic
theologians and Jurists who unanimously agree that none of the people of the Qibla
can and should be called a Kaafir. (al-Mawaqif, p. 600)
Comparison between Jihadists and Classical
Scholars on the issue of Takfir
The Jihadists do takfir of every Muslim
who does not support their Jihadist ideology whereas the classical scholars
take extreme caution when excommunicating any individual. The classical Muslim
scholars from the beginning till now have differentiated between Beliefs or
doctrinal rulings (I’tiqadiyat) and practices or derivative rulings (Furu’i
Ahkam). On the contrary to this concept, the Jihadists do not
differentiate between Beliefs and derivative rulings and this is the reason
that they are making a serious mistake in the matter of Takfir.
In one of his articles published on New Age
Islam, a regular columnist Ghulam Ghaus Siddiqi writes:
“Differentiating between Beliefs (‘Aqaid)
and Practices (‘Aaamal), a mainstream classical Muslim scholar in his book
“Sharh Aqaid al-Nasafi” writes,
“You should know that of Al-Ahkam Al-Sharia’
[Sharia judgments] there are some which are related to nature of
practice [kayfiyat al-‘amal] and are called derived (far’iyyah)
and practical (‘amaliyyah); and there are others which are related to
belief [I’tiqad] and are called fundamental [asliya] and
doctrinal [I’tiqadiya].” (Taftazani, Sharh Aqaid)
“Mainstream Muslim scholars unanimously agree
with issues related to Beliefs while they seriously differ from one another on
issues related to practical rulings or Furu’i Masail. As a
result, we see that all four schools of Islamic Jurisprudence, Hanafi, Shafei,
Maliki and Hanbali, unanimously agree with issues of Beliefs,
while they differ from one another on numerous issues related to practices (‘aamaal).
Despite differences in derivative rulings, they do not do takfir of one
another, but instead, they respect one another as Muslims while sticking to
their respective derivative practical rulings.”
(Read the article: Sayyid Qutb’s Concept of Jahiliyyah That Produced
Islamist Extremists to Attack Mainstream Muslims)
Mixing Beliefs with Practices the Jihadists do takfir
of the Muslims who do not agree with them. For example, the Jihadists
quote the following verse to excommunicate the mainstream Muslims of the present
world:
“And whoever does not judge by what Allah has
revealed - then it is those who are the disbelievers.” (5:44)
In the so-called Islamic State’s training camp
textbook “Muqarrar fi al-Tawhid”, they declare as apostates all those
who do not implement God’s laws. In their writings, be it ‘Dabiq’, ‘Rumiya’,
or India-specific propaganda magazine ‘Voice of Hind’, they repeatedly
quote the Quranic verse 5:44 and 4:65 in a bid to strengthen their
ideology which explicitly opines that those who take laws other than what Allah
revealed are Kaafir or disbelievers.
On the contrary to the Jihadist interpretation of
this verse 5:44, the classical Muslim scholars hold a completely different
interpretation widely acceptable among the mainstream Muslims. Mr Ghulam Ghaus
Siddiqi writes:
“The doctrine of mainstream Muslim scholars of
all generations including the holy companions of the Prophet (peace be upon
him) is contrary to that of ISIS, Maulana Maududi, Jamaat-e-Islami,
Sayyid Qutub, Al-Baghdadi, Adnani and the newly formed pro-ISIS group against
India in what it calls “Wilayah of Hind” (province of India). The Muslim
scholars went through a number of statements and directions in order to
understand the Quranic verse (5:44). The most preferred and accepted
view, accepted by mainstream Muslims, with regard to the implication of the
verse is that ‘whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed, denying its
divinity, faith and truthfulness is indeed a Kafir. As for the Muslim
who believes that this verse is true, the divine revelation and divine command
but fails to implement its message, is not a Kafir.
“In his commentary book on the Quran “Al-Tafsir
al-Kabir”, Imam Fakhruddin Razi writes, “Ikrimah said, the ruling of Takfir,
as mentioned in the divine statement “whoever does not judge by what Allah has
revealed is a Kaafir”, applies to the one who denies the truth of the
revealed law of Allah in his heart and by his tongue. As for the person
who believes in the truth of the revealed law of Allah in his heart and acknowledges
by his tongue that it is the revealed law of Allah, however, he acts against
it, he will be regarded as the believer of what Allah revealed, but he will be
known simply as a non-practising believer in this case, and therefore he will
not be considered a Kafir according to this verse”. After quoting this
statement, Imam Razi said, “This is the correct answer”. (Imam Razi, Al-Tafsir
al-Kabir, 5:44)
“Similar answer has been given by Imam Ghazali in
“Al-Mustasfa” and by Imam Abu Muhammad b. Atiyya al-Andalusi in “Al-Muharrir
al-Wajiz”.
Read his article:
Having observed the afore-mentioned comparison
between the Jihadists and the classical scholars on the issue of Takfir
and interpretation of the Quranic verse 5:44, It becomes clear that the
Jihadists are not based on the classical and traditional interpretation of
Islam. Therefore, Islamophobes have no ground to make such a claim.
-----------
Related Article: