Jihad after Twin Tower Attack: The Jihadist Ideologies or Recruiting Appeals Did Not Gain Much Traction in American Muslim Communities
By Brian Michael Jenkins
09/22/20
To keep the 'jihad' going after 9/11, al Qaeda —
scattered by military action abroad and impeded by intelligence efforts —
exhorted home-grown terrorists to take up arms in the United States. ISIS later
made similar appeals. These calls to arms yielded some plots and a few attacks,
but overall, the American jihad was a failure.
Recent research has examined the collective profile of
422 home-grown jihadists — all of those known to have plotted or carried out
attacks after 9/11, as well as those who travelled (or tried to) to join
jihadist fronts abroad. About another 100 or so assisted the effort in other
ways.
We do not know how many others may have contemplated
becoming jihadists but were dissuaded by family and friends. They were the
lucky ones. For those inspired by al Qaeda or I.S. to join the armed jihad,
that decision proved to be a path to destruction, ending in jail or death.
American jihadists overwhelmingly were men. Fewer than
6 percent were women, mostly brought along by husbands or families going to
Syria or Iraq. The average age was 27, the travelers being a bit younger than
the plotters. Most were going to conflict zones in countries they had never
seen — not to visit but to fight, perhaps to die, or to obtain skills that
would enable them to come back to the United States and carry out attacks.
The decisions were personal and individual. There is
little evidence that the jihadist ideologies or recruiting appeals gained much
traction in America’s Muslim communities. The turnout was meager. Compared with
the 422 plotters and travellers, more than 4,000 American Muslims volunteered
for the U.S. armed forces in the same post-9/11 period. Tips that led to
arrests and thwarted plots also came from the community.
Many of the self-selecting jihadist recruits were
disassociated from their families and a society they saw as filled with
unbelievers; they were unattached, alienated, dissatisfied, frustrated, bored,
floundering — or all of these. Many sought solutions in converting to Islam or
in rediscovering an extreme form of the religion of their birth. Decisions
turned on individual circumstances, including what was going on in their lives
at that moment and the people they happened to meet. Discounting their own
lives, they found the risks acceptable.
About half of the 422 were born in the United States.
The foreign-born came from at least 48 mostly Muslim-majority countries and
Latin America, Europe, and East Asia. Almost all the foreign-born were
naturalized U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents; only 12 were in the
United States on temporary visas.
Just four had entered the country illegally. Three of
them were Albanian brothers who’d come as very young children with their family
in 1984 and were arrested as part of a terrorist plot 23 years later. Indeed,
most foreign-born plotters and travellers arrived in the United States as
children and lived here an average of 12 years before their arrest, suggesting
most or all radicalized after their arrival.
In short, America’s jihadists were never an
immigration problem. It does not appear that radicalized individuals were being
admitted into the United States or that vetting of visitors or immigrants is
failing. America’s jihadists are made in the USA.
Their education level did not differ significantly
from that of the general U.S. population, either. Using educational achievement
as a rough marker for socioeconomic status, plus anecdotal evidence suggests
that they come from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. In this country,
radicalization does not seem to be a product of poverty or deprivation.
More than a third were religious converts — most of
them recently so. Some of those born Muslims similarly had a religious
rediscovery and adopted a stricter form of Islam. At the same time, becoming a
Muslim did not always mean knowledge of the faith. Several of the converts were
described as having only a superficial knowledge of the faith and its precepts.
In some cases, it appears to have been the attraction of violence, the
opportunity to become a “warrior,” that led the individual to take up the
banner of armed jihad.
Fate has not been kind to them. Nearly 90 percent were
killed or sent to prison. Of 36 who carried out attacks, 15 were killed during
the operation or soon after. Most of the others were identified and arrested,
often within hours.
ISIS’s global recruiting drive attracted 5,000
European recruits to Syria after 2012, but only a few hundred from the United
States. On the alert for jihadist travelers heading to the Middle East, U.S.
authorities intercepted many of them. Roughly two-thirds of those who traveled
in 2012 or later were arrested on their way to jihadist fronts or shortly after
their return. However, several women and girls were treated as runaways or
victims and not prosecuted.
Evading authorities to join a jihadist front abroad
often proved deadly. About 40 percent of those who connected to a jihadist
group abroad were known to have been killed. Forty identified travelers
theoretically remained at large although some of them probably were also dead.
While jihadist formations remain active abroad, such
activity in the United States steadily declined after 2015. That is good news.
The failure of the jihadists can be judged a victory — albeit a costly one —
over an organized effort to instigate violence in the United States. The
country, however, has not exhausted its inventory of disaffected young men (and
women) who may, in the future, embrace jihadism or other extremist ideologies
on offer to convey their discontent.
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Brian
Michael Jenkins is a senior adviser to the president of RAND and directs the
National Transportation Security Centre at the Mineta Transportation Institute.
He began researching terrorism for the nonpartisan, non-profit RAND Corporation
in 1972.
Views
expressed by contributors are their own and not the view of the New Age Islam
Original
Headline: The American 'jihad' was a
failure — for those who joined, it was a path to destruction
Source: The Hill
URL: https://newageislam.com/radical-islamism-jihad/jihad-after-twin-tower-attack/d/122936
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