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Islam, Women and Feminism ( 16 Feb 2023, NewAgeIslam.Com)

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Doctor? Engineer? As Dreams Fade, Afghan Girls Turn To Madrasas

New Age Islam News Bureau

16 February 2023

• Iranian Chess Player in Exile, Sara Khadem, Says She Has No Regrets about Removing Hijab

• Iran Protests: Female Journalists Targeted In Spate of Arrests

• 3 Saudi Women Feel Proud Of Representing Homeland in Succoring Quake Victims

• Women Empowerment Receives Special Attention from Political Leadership in Egypt: NCW

• 13 Egyptian Women on Forbes Middle East 100 Most Powerful Businesswomen 2023

Compiled by New Age Islam News Bureau

URL:     https://newageislam.com/islam-women-feminism/afghan-girls-madrasas/d/129120

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 Doctor? Engineer? As Dreams Fade, Afghan Girls Turn To Madrasas

 

(c) Copyright Thomson Reuters 2023

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16 February, 2023

By Charlotte Greenfield and Mohammad Yunus Yawar

KANDAHAR, Afghanistan (Reuters) – In a chilly classroom in the southern Afghan province of Kandahar, the birthplace of the Taliban movement, teenage girls pore over Islamic texts as the disembodied voice of a male scholar emanates from a loud speaker.

Pupils take turns to email questions to the scholar on the class laptop at the Taalum-ul-Islam Girls’ Madrasa, or religious school, where male teachers are forbidden from hearing the voices of female students in person.

The number of students at the institution in Kandahar city has about doubled to around 400 in the past year, driven by the Taliban administration’s decision to bar girls and women from most secular high schools and universities, according to staff members who gave Reuters rare access to the madrasa in December.

Other female religious schools across Afghanistan have also seen marked increases in enrolment, Reuters learned from visits to four madrasas – two in Kandahar and two in the capital Kabul – and interviews with more than 30 students, parents, teachers and officials in 10 provinces spread across the country.

“Due to the closing of schools, the number of students has increased by around 40%,” said Mansour Muslim, who runs a madrasa mainly for teenage girls in north Kabul. “We now have around 150 students.”

One of the students at the school, 17-year-old Mursal, said she had joined three months ago. While she welcomed the religious learning, she said she found her situation limiting.

“I want to finish my schooling,” said Mursal, whose parents asked for her surname to be withheld to protect her privacy. “I wanted to be a doctor in the future, but now I think it’s impossible. If you come to a madrasa you just can be a teacher.”

The Taliban regained power in August 2021 after the sudden withdrawal of U.S.-led forces. The new government has the stated goal of building an Islamic society based on sharia law following 20 years of comparatively liberal Western-backed rule.

Abdul Maten Qanee, the spokesman for the information ministry, told Reuters the government was not opposed to girls having secondary and tertiary education. He said there were several issues to be overcome, though, including the problem of some mixed-gender institutions, girls not meeting some interpretations of Islamic dress, and girls not being accompanied by male guardians.

“We fought for 20 years for our ideology and values,” he said. “We are not against education, we just want rules to be followed and implemented, and the culture, traditions and values of Afghans to be considered. We want females to have a modern education, society needs this,” he said.

Qanee said madrasas were open for girls of all ages. He added that a government committee was looking into adding secular subjects to madrasas alongside religious study, a development that hasn’t been previously reported. He didn’t provide further details on the committee’s work.

Female education lies at the heart of the Taliban administration’s standoff with the West. No foreign nation formally recognises the administration, with Washington citing women’s rights as a major obstacle to normalising ties and unlocking much-needed funds.

The U.S. State Department declined to comment directly on girls’ attendance of madrasas. A spokesperson, referring to the school restrictions, said education was an internationally recognized human right and essential to Afghanistan’s economic growth.

‘ISLAM GIVES US RIGHT’

The rise in mainly teenage girls enrolling in religious schools, a trend whose scale hasn’t been previously detailed, often fills a need for learning, friendships and a reason to get out of the house, according to the people interviewed.

Yet some students say these institutions, which are devoted to the study of the Koran and Islamic texts, will not help them fulfil their ambitions.

Madrasas, part of Afghan life for centuries, usually don’t offer the secular secondary and tertiary education needed to pursue careers such as law, medicine, engineering and journalism – the kind of education that’s still available to Afghan boys.

“I joined the madrasa because at home we couldn’t study and our schools are closed, so I came to learn the Koran,” said Mahtab, a 15-year-old pupil at Mansour Muslim’s Kabul madrasa. “I wanted to be an engineer in the future. I don’t think I can reach my dream.”

Marzia Noorzai, a 40-year-old women’s rights activist in the southwestern province of Farah, said her nieces, who would have graduated from high school last year, were now attending a local madrasa every day.

“Just to keep them busy,” she said. “Because they were depressed.”

Other students and teachers said Islamic education played an important role in their lives, though they hoped to be able to study secular subjects too. 

A senior teacher in her early 20s at the Taalum-ul-Islam madrasa, where Reuters was given access on condition it didn’t identify students or staff to protect their privacy, said religious education gave her a sense of happiness and peace.

“Islam gives us rights as women,” she added. “I want those rights, not the idea of (Western) women’s rights.”

Asked about the trend of girls attending religious schools in greater numbers after the school ban, Taliban official Qanee said the number of madrasas had been expanding under the previous government and would continue to expand under the Taliban because Afghanistan was an Islamic country. He didn’t elaborate on the government’s plans for religious schools.

The previous foreign-backed government said in January 2021 that they had registered about 5,000 madrasas nationwide, with total enrolment of about 380,000 students, of whom around 55,000 were female. About a fifth of the registered schools were operated by the state, it said, adding that there were likely to be many more unregistered institutions.

Reuters was unable to determine the current number of madrasas, and Taliban authorities have not provided figures.

‘OPTIONS ARE EVAPORATING’

Life has changed for many girls and women.

The Taliban administration barred females students from most high schools last March, and from universities in December. Days after the universities decision, it banned most Afghan women from working for NGOs, leaving thousands of educated women unable to do their jobs and forcing many aid groups to partially suspend operations during a humanitarian crisis.

The secondary education ban alone has affected more than 1 million girls, UNICEF said in its Afghanistan annual report for 2022. This has compounded an existing “education crisis”, the U.N. children’s agency added, with an estimated 2.4 million girls already out of school at the beginning of 2022.

Thousands of primary schools, some of them fee-paying, remain open for boys and girls up to the age of about 12, teaching subjects including Dari, Pashto, English, maths and science.

Madrasas themselves vary widely, from big institutions hosting hundreds of pupils in cities to village mosques teaching a handful of children. The schools, which are typically single-sex, also vary in standards, strictness, the number of days and hours they’re open as well as the fees they charge.

The fees charged by the madrasas visited by Reuters ranged from the equivalent of around 50 cents to $2 per month per student. That is a prohibitive cost for many families in Afghanistan, where the U.N. says most people live in poverty, although some village madrasas are free.

Female madrasas usually have female teaching staff, though male religious scholars tend to guide their work in more traditional institutions like the one in Kandahar.

Ashley Jackson, co-director of the Centre on Armed Groups who has researched Taliban policies on education, said while madrasas couldn’t take the place of formal schools, they were one of the final avenues of learning left for girls and women.

“The options for female education are evaporating,” said Jackson, adding that formal schools were seen among some Taliban supporters as a symbol of international occupation. “There’s deep-seated mistrust of the formal education sector, despite the fact that it too incorporates Islamic education.”

Not everyone within the administration agrees with the education restrictions. Four officials, who declined to be identified due to the sensitivity of the matter, told Reuters they privately backed secondary education for girls and that supreme leader Haibatullah Akhundzada and his close advisers had driven the school ban.

Akhundzada, who is based in Kandahar and rarely appears in public, could not be reached for comment on any tensions within the administration over female education. Requests for comment to Akhundzada and other officials are handled by the Taliban administration spokesman, who didn’t comment on this matter.

Source: The Print

https://theprint.in/world/doctor-engineer-as-dreams-fade-afghan-girls-turn-to-madrasas/1375346/

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Iranian Chess Player in Exile, Sara Khadem, Says She Has No Regrets about Removing Hijab

 

Iranian chess player Sarasadat Khademalsharieh, 25, better known as Sara Khadem plays chess after an interview with Reuters in southern Spain February 15, 2023. REUTERS/Jon Nazca

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15 February, 2023

An Iranian chess player, who moved to Spain after she competed without a hijab and had an arrest warrant issued against her back home, has no regrets over her bold gesture in support of the protest movement against her country’s clerical leadership.

But 25-year-old Sarasadat Khademalsharieh, better known as Sara Khadem, also told Reuters that the warrant, which made her return to Iran impossible, was “the most horrible thing” that happened to her.

She said that, after playing in December’s FIDE World Rapid and Blitz Chess Championships in Kazakhstan’s Almaty without the headscarf mandatory under Iran’s strict Islamic dress code, she had hardly expected harsher reprisals than a travel ban.

“(As chess players) we always have to predict what is going to happen next, but...it didn’t go as I expected,” she told Reuters at an undisclosed location in southern Spain where she now lives with her film-maker husband and child.

Khadem, who arrived in Spain in January on a residence visa linked to the purchase of property, said Iranian authorities had told her to record a video saying that she regretted her actions as a condition of returning home.

She refused, and subsequently learned about the warrant.

Still, removing the hijab was “something that I thought was right to do and I don’t regret anything,” she said, adding that she only used to wear the headscarf at tournaments when there were cameras, and that many Iranian sportswomen felt the same way.

“But it (no hijab) has become one of the symbols of the movement in Iran and I also decided to finally do something that I wanted to, to be myself...I was motivated by the people of Iran.”

Laws enforcing mandatory hijab-wearing have become a flashpoint during the unrest that has swept Iran since mid-September when a 22-year-old Iranian-Kurdish woman, Mahsa Amini, died in the custody of the morality police.

Khadem said Mahsa’s death “made us all heartbroken,” inspiring many to protest. A string of sportswomen competing overseas have since appeared without their headscarves in public.

“There are lots of things that people are not happy about at the moment, so even if this time it doesn’t change anything, I think there will come a time when people will rise up again,” said Khadem, who does not consider herself a political activist, but wants to be a voice for change.

Ranked 774th in the world and 9th in Iran, Khadem plans to keep playing under the Iranian flag, but has received proposals from other countries.

She said political sanctions against sportspeople from countries such as Russia were often unfair, and bans on their participation in tournaments were causing suffering.

“I know that many of the athletes are not responsible for what is happening in their countries,” she added.

Source: Al Arabiya

https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/02/15/Iranian-chess-player-in-exile-says-she-has-no-regrets-about-removing-hijab

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Iran protests: Female journalists targeted in spate of arrests

By Feranak Amidi

Female journalists in Iran have been targeted by security forces since anti-government protests began in September, activist groups say.

Figures vary, but at least 17 have been arrested, an international group for press freedom says. Another puts the number about three times that or more.

Iran has been gripped by some of the biggest protests it has seen since the Islamic Republic was founded in 1979.

Nearly 20,000 people are estimated to have been detained since September.

More than 520 protesters have been killed by security forces in that time, according to the Iranian Human Rights Activists' News Agency (Hrana).

The most recent arrest of a female journalist was that of Elnaz Mohammadi, who works for the reformist newspaper Hammihan. She was released on bail on Sunday.

Ms Mohammadi is the twin sister of Elaheh Mohammadi, who works for the same newspaper and was arrested on 29 September last year. She was detained for her reporting on the funeral of Mahsa Amini, the 22-year-old Iranian Kurdish woman whose death in police custody on 16 September sparked the protests. Ms Amini had been detained for allegedly not wearing her hijab properly.

A week before Elnaz Mohammadi was arrested, three other female journalists - Melika Hashemi, Saideh Shafiei and Mehrnoosh Zareie - were detained within the space of 48 hours.

"We're seeing an unusual number of female journalists being arrested because what sparked the protests was the mandatory hijab law and the death of a young woman because of gender discrimination," Yeganeh Rezaian, a researcher with the Washington-based Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), told the BBC.

"Naturally more female journalists were covering the story. Even in small towns and local newspapers women were reporting on the women-led protests that were taking place," she said.

Indeed the first journalist to publish a photo of Mahsa Amini was Niloufar Hamedi. She was arrested on 22 September and is still behind bars.

The CPJ estimates that at least 98 journalists and bloggers have been arrested, half of whom, it says, are women.

Reporters Without Borders (RSF), an international advocacy group for journalistic freedom, estimates that 55 journalists have been arrested since the start of the protests, 27 of whom are still being held with others released on bail awaiting sentencing.

RSF says 17 female journalists have been arrested since the start of the uprising, the highest number in a five-month period in the history of the Islamic Republic.

RSF's World Press Freedom Index puts Iran among the world's worst 10 countries for freedom of press.

Media in Iran are largely controlled by the state, and even so-called "independent" newspapers are heavily censored. Journalists inside Iran are barred from covering the protests or the funerals of protesters who have been killed.

Mrs Rezaian says that is why "many of the journalists have been arrested for their tweets and social media posts about the protests".

On 28 January, Nazila Maroofian, the first journalist to publish online an interview with Mahsa Amini's father, tweeted that she had been sentenced to two years in prison, fined and banned from leaving the country for five years.

She said she had been convicted of "anti-government propaganda and spreading false news" without a hearing and in absence of a lawyer.

Article 24 of Iran's constitution guarantees press freedom. But a 1986 press law, later amended to take account of online publications, allows the authorities to ensure that journalists do not "endanger the Islamic Republic", "do not offend the clergy and the Supreme Leader" and do not "spread false information".

It means journalists who challenge the official narrative of the state in any way can be targeted.

"Most of the arrests happen in the middle of the night," says Mrs Rezaian. "Security forces raid the homes of journalists, confiscating their [electronic] devices and the devices of their family members, mostly without showing a warrant."

Because most of the raids happen without a warrant, Mrs Rezaian says "families often don't know which organisation is responsible for the arrests and where their loved ones are being taken".

But based on information from the CPJ, the intelligence branch of the Revolutionary Guards is behind the arrests.

Source: BBC

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-64584265

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3 Saudi women feel proud of representing homeland in succoring quake victims

February 14, 2023

GAZIANTEP, Turkey — Three Saudi women volunteers were overwhelmed with mixed emotions of joy and grief when they shared their experiences of getting a chance to lend a helping hand to the victims of the earthquake that rattled several regions of Turkey.

“We are immensely proud to represent Saudi Arabia and provide assistance to the worst affected Turkish people,” they said while engaged in rescue and relief work in a region where hundreds of civilians were killed or injured in the disaster.

The women are Mouda Al-Bareedi, Sharifa Youssef, and Rahaf Al-Obeid. Mouda and her female companions are in the forefront of international relief and rescue workers who toil in rendering tireless services to the injured or the families of the deceased victims.

Mouda and the entire Saudi team move in the quake-hit areas by pronouncing the Turkish word “Saudi Arabistan” to show that they came from Saudi Arabia to help them. The motto of the Saudi team on Turkish soil is “Giving sans borders for the sake of humanity.”

Speaking to Okaz/Saudi Gazette from Gaziantep, they said that they represent the entire people of Saudi Arabia, which is the Kingdom of humanity.

“When I climbed the plane ladder in my first foreign mission as part of the Saudi Red Crescent team, I felt extremely proud at the prospect of representing my country, Saudi Arabia, on board a humanitarian mission,” said Rahaf, who sees her passion in volunteering.

Rahaf joined the Saudi Red Crescent, after completing her studies in emergency medicine. “I am ready to engage in relief and rescue work so as to provide everything needed by the earthquake victims in Turkey.”

Rahaf, who speaks Turkish, was overwhelmed with happiness in getting the opportunity to help those in distress, despite the heavy odds, including the bitter cold. She is actively engaged in giving first aid to the quake victims.

Rahaf believes that happiness lies in giving for free, and this is what brought her to Turkey on her first foreign trip, after she received the highest-level training in dealing with crises and disasters.

On her part, Sharifa believes that no matter how much she offers to alleviate the suffering of the quake victims, she feels that she finds deficiency in humanitarian work. For her, the sky is the limit for giving.

Before leaving Riyadh for Turkey, Sharifa received a huge dose of moral support from her family, who sees this as a deed involving great pride.

“This is what drives her to work with dedication and sincerity as part of an elegant team, led by Abdullah Al-Ruwaili, a high-spirited engineer who is an embodiment of altruism and empathy,” she added.

Source: Saudi Gazette

https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/629811/SAUDI-ARABIA/3-Saudi-women-feel-proud-of-representing-homeland-in-succoring-quake-victims

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Women empowerment receives special attention from political leadership in Egypt: NCW

February 15, 2023

As the chair of the 8th session of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation’s (OIC) Ministerial Conference on Women, Egypt is focused on the economic empowerment of women as the essential foundation for establishing the principles of gender equality, said Nada Draz, member of the National Council for Women in Egypt (NCW).

Draz was speaking on behalf of NCW President Maya Morsy, chair of 8th session of the OIC Ministerial Conference on Women, during a virtual session held on Tuesday 14/2/2023 as part of the 8th meeting of the conference advisory committee on women to review the progress made on women empowerment issues in OIC member states.

She started by offering the deepest condolences to the Syrian the Turkish peoples over the victims of the destructive earthquake that hit southeastern Turkey along its borders with Syria last week.

Draz said the issue of women empowerment receives special attention from the political leadership in Egypt, which is manifested in Egypt’s interest in hosting the 8th OIC Ministerial Conference on Women, as well as the headquarters of the Women Development Organization (WDO), the first OIC-affiliated body specialized in promoting and protecting the rights of women.

Egypt has spared no effort to provide the WDO with necessary technical and logistical support, Draz said, citing directives by President Abdel Fattah El Sisi to pay the annual contributions allocated for WDO, set to be paid by the least developed countries, whether those who signed WDO articles of association, or others who have not but are planning to join the organization.

Draz highlighted the fiscal and economic policies Egypt has recently introduced to empower women economically and ensure that they have adequate job opportunities as casual workers.

She also touched upon Egypt’s efforts to mitigate the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women, while protecting women against all forms of violence, and supporting women’s health.

Source: Egypt Independent

https://www.egyptindependent.com/women-empowerment-receives-special-attention-from-political-leadership-in-egypt-ncw/

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13 Egyptian women on Forbes Middle East 100 Most Powerful businesswomen 2023

Zeinab El-Gundy

The list was prepared by the famous financial magazine's Middle East edition according to the size of the business, the individual’s impact and achievements, performance over the last year, and the scope of CSR and other initiatives led by the person.

The 100-entry list included 104 women from 27 different sectors and 27 nationalities.

The UAE and Egypt scored the most entries at 15 and 12, respectively, followed by Saudi Arabia (11) , Kuwait (eight), and six from each of Lebanon, Qatar and Oman.

Egyptian businesswomen are no strangers to the list, having topped the list in previous years in terms of the number of entries.

In 2021, Egyptian businesswomen topped the list with eight entries, and in 2022 they had seven entries.

Below Ahram Online sheds light on the Egyptian businesswomen who made it to the list:

Dalia El-Baz (13th on the list)

An American University in Cairo alumna, El-Baz is the executive deputy chairman of the National Bank of Egypt (NBE).

El-Baz, who has been on the list before, posseses 28 years of experience in the banking sector.

She joined Egypt’s largest bank in terms of assets in 2008 as head of the operational risk management group, becoming Chief Operating officer (COO) in December 2015.

In 2016, she was appointed on the bank’s executive committee.

In September 2017, she became the first woman to become the executive deputy chairman of the NBE.

Pakinam Kafafi (21st on the list)

A Cairo University graduate, Pakinam Kafafi started her career in finance and banking at EFG-Hermes in the mid-1990s, rising to the position of vice president in 2000.

She then moved to the oil and energy sector.

In 2003, Kafafi was appoointed the strategy and investment general manager of Gas & Energy Group (GENCO).

When Citadel Group acquired GENCO and merged it with TAQA Arabia, Kafafi maintained her role.

In April 2013, Pakinam Kafafi was selected as the company’s CEO.

Rawya Mansour (27th on the list)

A Cairo university graduate, Rawya Mansour proved herself one of Egypt’s leading businesswomen.

Mansour is a descendant from one of Egypt's oldest families in the field of business.

In 1999, she founded RAMSCO for Refined Architecture and Interior Design.

In 2007, she started RAMSCO for Trade and Distribution.

She also established the Organic Agriculture for Social International Solidarity (OASIS) in Monaco in 2012.

Reem Asaad (39th on the list)

An Egyptian American, Reem Asaad is a Harvard business school graduate who continued her career in Egypt when she served as the CEO of Raya Data Center from January 2012 till December 2016.

From January 2017 to February 2020, Asaad served as Raya Contact Center CEO befor

In 2020, she was appointed Cisco Middle East and Africa Vice President.

Cisco employs 3,000 people and contractors in 74 countries across the Middle East and Africa.

In March 2021, she was appointed by Egypt’s Minister of Communications and Information Technology to serve on the board of directors for the country’s Information Technology Industry Development Agency.

Hend El-Sherbini (42nd on the list)

A graduate of Cairo University, Dr Hend El-Sherbini is a professor of clinical pathology at the University’s Faculty of Medicine.

El-Sherbini served as the CEO of Al-Mokhtabar between 2004 and 2012.

She has been seving as IDH Group’s CEO since 2012.

IDH has a network of 546 branch labs as of September 2022 in Egypt, Nigeria, Sudan and Pakistan.

The group recorded revenues of $281 million in 2021 and $143 million in the first nine months of 2022.

In August 2022, El-Sherbini increased her holdings in the group with 7.3 million additional shares through Hena Holdings.

Now, she owns 26.71 percent of the group.

Farida and Yasmine Khamis (43rd on the list)

The daughters of the famous Egyptian carpets tycoon, Farida and Yasmine Khamis are considered veterans of the Forbes list.

American University of Cairo alumni, Yasmine Khamis is currently the Chairwoman of Oriental Weavers Group, while her sister Farida is her vice-chair.

Both sisters made headlines last December when they transferred their combined 24.61percent stake in Oriental Weavers Carpet to London-based FYK limited, which is fully owned by them.

They are also board members of the British University in Cairo .

Mona Zulficar (48th on the list)

The famous renowned lawyer and human rights activist is the Forbes Middle East 100 women list veteran who has appeared constantly on the list since it started.

A Cairo University graduate, Zulficar is a veteran corporate, banking, and project finance attorney and human rights activist.

She cofounded Zulficar & Partners in 2009. Mona Zulficar chaired EFG Hermes Holding since 2008 and the Egyptian Microfinance Federation since 2015.

Mona Zulficar is currently a member of Egypt’s National Council of Human Rights.

Elham Mahfouz (56th on the list)

An AUC alumna, Elham Mahfouz has over 30 years of banking experience mostly in Kuwait.

Mahfouz has been the CEO of the Commercial Bank of Kuwait (Al-Tijari) since 2014. 

Al-Tijari recorded $179 million in net profit and $14.1 billion worth of total assets in 2021.

Mahfouz is a member of the supervisory board of the American University of Kuwait.

Hilda Louca (62nd on the list)

A graduate of the Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Transport and Maritime Transport, Hilda Louca is a newcomer to the list.

Louca started her career in Lufthansa’s customer service before moving to become a sales marking manager at Al-Ahram Beverage Company-Heineken Egypt for three years.

In 2018, she founded MITCHA - platform to support Egyptian designers.

Today, the platform features 200 designers and brands.

Omnia Kelig (84th on the list)

An AUC alumna, Omnia Kelig is a banking and cooperate financing veteran who started her career in the CIB in 1999.

Kelig is currently Deputy CEO, Chairwoman and Managing Director of NAEEM Holding, a dual-listed company on the Egyptian Stock Exchange and the Dubai Financial Market.

In the first nine months of 2022, NAEEM reported $8.2 million in total revenues and $273 million in assets.

Before joining NAEEM, Kelig was a founder and managing director of Viveris Mashrek, a subsidiary of France’s Viveris Management.

She was also a partner and director for Haykala Investment Management and a co-head of investment banking at Barclays Bank in Egypt.

Abir Leheta (87th on the list)

An AUC alumna, Abir Leheta is another veteran on the Forbes list.

Leheta joined the Egyptian Transport and Commercial Services Company “EgyTrans” in 1997.

She has been EgyTrans CEO since 2017.

She is also the chairman of Barwil Egytrans and ScanArabia.

Abeer Helmy Saleh ( 99th on the list)

An AUC alumna, Abeer Helmy Saleh previously held a number of managerial positions, including managing director and board member at Wafa Life Insurance Company and managing director of Bupa Egypt Insurance.

In March 2022, Saleh was appointed as a Board Member & Managing Director of Misr Life Insurance, Takaful, which was established as a joint venture between Misr Insurance Holding Company, the National Bank of Egypt, and Banque Misr, with a capital of over $5 million.

Source: Ahram

https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/2/488161/Egypt/Society/-Egyptian-women-on-Forbes-Middle-East--Most-Powerf.aspx

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URL:     https://newageislam.com/islam-women-feminism/afghan-girls-madrasas/d/129120

 

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