Liberation Theologies in Abrahamic Traditions
By V.A.Mohamad Ashrof, New Age Islam
04 November 2024
Liberation theology, much like a river that flows through parched land, revitalizes communities with a deep commitment to justice, equality, and human dignity. Originating in both Christianity and Islam, it calls upon believers to "walk the talk," putting words into action. This article explores the intersecting paths of Christian and Islamic liberation theologies, using the Bible and Quran as compasses guiding adherents through the fog of injustice toward clearer, more just horizons.
In the realm of liberation theology, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam serve as "lighthouses in the storm," directing communities toward justice and compassion. Each faith’s scriptures are woven with verses that urge believers to be "beacons of hope" and "champions of the downtrodden," upholding the rights of the poor, the oppressed, and the marginalized. Through this lens, the Tanakh, Bible, and Quran become bridges uniting believers in their pursuit of justice, showing them a "road map" for societal transformation.
1. Verses on Justice and Equality:
All three traditions depict justice as an unbreakable foundation—a "rock" on which ethical lives are built. Just as a builder carefully lays a foundation to support an entire structure, justice in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic teachings holds up the moral integrity of individuals and communities alike.
Islamic Perspective
"O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives." (Q.4:135). This verse portrays justice as a "scale in perfect balance," requiring believers to act fairly even when the balance seems tipped against themselves or loved ones. Standing firmly for justice is like being "a tree with deep roots" that remains upright in the face of a storm, an unyielding commitment to righteousness.
"Verily, God enjoins justice, and the doing of good, and generosity towards [one's] fellow-men; and He forbids all that is shameful and reprehensible, and wickedness; [and] He admonishes you, that haply you may take thought." (Q.16:90)
This verse pairs justice with kindness, a combination as "natural as the sun and rain," nurturing society’s growth. By condemning oppression and indecency, the Quran speaks against "poisoning the well" of communal integrity, promoting a society rooted in fairness and kindness.
Christian Perspective
• Micah 6:8: "He has shown you, O mortal, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God" (The Bible, Micah 6:8, New International Version). "To act justly and love mercy" is likened to "walking a tightrope," requiring balance and focus. It calls believers to keep their moral compass aligned, ensuring that they tread gently but firmly on the path of righteousness.
• Isaiah 1:17: "Learn to do right; seek justice. Defend the oppressed. Take up the cause of the fatherless; plead the case of the widow" (The Bible, Isaiah 1:17). Isaiah’s command to defend the vulnerable serves as a call to "raise a shield" against injustice. The verse paints a picture of believers as "shepherds of the lost," guiding society back to its ethical roots and ensuring that the "least of these" are not left by the wayside.
Jewish Perspective
• Deuteronomy 16:20: "Justice, and only justice, you shall pursue, so that you may live and occupy the land that the Lord your God is giving you" (Tanakh, Deuteronomy 16:20). This verse underscores the centrality of justice in Jewish life, portraying it as a quest that sustains society and nurtures the community, much like a sturdy bridge that supports those crossing into a promised land.
• Leviticus 19:15: "You shall do no injustice in judgment; you shall not be partial to the poor or defer to the great, but in righteousness shall you judge your neighbour." (Tanakh, Leviticus 19:15). This verse highlights the unbiased nature of justice, likening it to the impartial scales of a judge who measures all cases with equal precision.
2. Verses on Oppression and Resistance
All three scriptures offer stern warnings against oppression, likening it to "a disease that spreads" unless challenged.
Islamic Perspective
"For, indeed, those who take their turn in planning evil deeds - God is fully aware of all their doings." (Q.42:42): Here, oppressors are depicted as "heavy chains," dragging communities into injustice. For those who act unjustly, the verse warns of “a reckoning as inevitable as the dawn,” underscoring divine accountability.
•"Permission [to fight] is given to those against whom war is wrongfully waged - and, verily, God is indeed able to succour them - those who have been driven from their homelands against all right for no other reason than their saying, 'Our Sustainer is God! For, if God had not enabled people to defend themselves against one another, monasteries and churches and synagogues and mosques - in which God's name is oft remembered - would surely have been destroyed.”: Permission to fight against oppression is likened to the opening of a floodgate, where resistance springs forth to cleanse societies of tyranny. Liberation theology in Islam views oppression as a "shackled weight," needing to be cast off to ensure freedom.
Christian Perspective
• Exodus 3:7-8: God’s intervention on behalf of the Israelites is a vivid reminder that, like "light piercing darkness," divine justice reaches even the most oppressed. The story of the Israelites’ exodus illustrates the belief that "no chain is too strong for God to break."
• Luke 4:18-19: Jesus’ mission to free the oppressed is akin to a "breath of fresh air," bringing hope to those in despair. His words serve as a rallying cry, "giving voice to the voiceless" and embodying liberation theology’s emphasis on uplifting the marginalized.
Jewish Perspective
• Isaiah 58:6: "Is not this the fast that I choose: to lose the bonds of wickedness, to undo the straps of the yoke, to let the oppressed go free, and to break every yoke?" (Tanakh, Isaiah 58:6). This verse emphasizes breaking the chains of oppression, portraying the act as a divine mandate to lift the yoke from the oppressed.
• Proverbs 31:8-9: "Speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves, for the rights of all who are destitute. Speak up and judge fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy" (Tanakh, Proverbs 31:8-9). This verse calls on individuals to be advocates for the voiceless, likening it to raising a shield to protect the vulnerable.
3. Verses on Economic Justice:
Economic justice in the Tanakh, Bible, and Quran is emphasized as a core responsibility, with wealth viewed not as a personal asset but as a "trust placed in one’s hands."
Islamic Perspective
“In their wealth and possessions (was remembered) the right of the (needy), him who asked and him who (for some reason) was prevented (from asking)." (Q.51:19): The wealthy are reminded that their fortunes are "seeds to be sown" for the benefit of society. In Islamic theology, giving to the poor is seen as rain falling on a thirsty field—what is given returns a hundredfold in spiritual reward.
“Be steadfast in prayer; practice regular charity; and bow down your heads with those who bow down (in worship)." (Q.2:43): Zakat, or charitable giving, acts as a “purifying fire,” removing greed and promoting collective well-being. This verse illustrates that wealth, when shared, becomes a "lifeline" for those in need, reinforcing social bonds.
Christian Perspective
Proverbs 31:8-9: Speaking for the poor is akin to "holding a mirror" up to society, showing its flaws. Defending the needy is not only a duty but also a way to "turn the tides" toward justice.
Luke 6:20-21: Jesus’ blessings upon the poor emphasize that God’s "kingdom is like an open door" to those in need. His words are a balm, reminding the impoverished that they are "first in the line of grace."
Jewish Perspective
Deuteronomy 15:7-8: "If among you, one of your brothers should become poor, in any of your towns within your land that the Lord your God is giving you, you shall not harden your heart or shut your hand against your poor brother, but you shall open your hand to him and lend him sufficient for his need, whatever it may be." (Tanakh, Deuteronomy 15:7-8). This verse underscores the importance of generosity and support for the poor within the community.
Leviticus 25:35: "If your brother becomes poor and cannot maintain himself with you, you shall support him as though he were a stranger and a sojourner, and he shall live with you." (Tanakh, Leviticus 25:35). This verse emphasizes the duty to sustain and support the poor, ensuring their dignity and livelihood.
4. Verses on Human Dignity:
Human dignity is seen as a divine gift, "written into the fabric of creation." All three faiths—Islam, Christianity, and Judaism—echo the belief that every individual carries "the imprint of the divine," instilling a sense of sacred worth and mutual respect across humanity.
Islamic Perspective
• "We have honoured the sons of Adam; provided them with transport on land and sea; given them for sustenance things good and pure; and conferred on them special favours, above a great part of Our Creation." (Q.17:70): This verse speaks of humanity’s honoured status as a "crown of creation." Just as a gem is polished to reveal its brilliance, the Quran urges believers to honour the dignity of every soul, signifying that each human being is a part of God’s creation, worthy of respect and compassion.
• "O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes that ye may know each other. Verily the most honoured of you in the sight of God is (he who is) the most righteous of you. (Q.49:13): Diversity is portrayed as "a rich tapestry," woven by God’s hand, in which each individual has their place. This verse teaches Muslims to appreciate the "colour and texture" that each person brings to the world, emphasizing unity through diversity and the inherent value of every life.
Jewish Perspective
• Genesis 1:27: "So God created humankind in His own image, in the image of God He created them; male and female He created them." This verse establishes the concept of Tzelem Elohim, or "the image of God," implying that every person reflects divine attributes and holds inherent worth. Just as a precious heirloom reflects its maker’s craft, each person carries the divine imprint, making every life sacred and deserving of honour.
• Leviticus 19:18: "You shall love your neighbour as yourself: I am the Lord." This commandment, often called the "Golden Rule" in Judaism, captures the core of human dignity by urging mutual respect and compassion. Loving one’s neighbour "as oneself" acts as a mirror, reflecting the divine relationship that binds all people, teaching that each individual’s dignity is an extension of God’s own character.
Christian Perspective
• Genesis 1:27: Like in Judaism, the Christian tradition reveres this verse, where humanity is created "in the image of God." This phrase is a powerful metaphor for human dignity, depicting people as "vessels of divinity" whose worth transcends material value. It grounds Christian ethics in the belief that each life, no matter its circumstances, possesses inherent worth that must be upheld.
• Jesus says, "Truly I tell you, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me." (Matthew 25:40) This verse highlights the interconnectedness of human dignity and divine compassion, depicting acts of kindness toward others as acts done for God Himself. It serves as a call to see every person, especially the vulnerable, as bearing divine worth, and to extend the same care to them as one would to God.
5. Verses on Freedom and Liberation:
Freedom in both the Bible and the Quran is cherished like "the air we breathe," essential and non-negotiable for a life of faith.
Islamic Perspective
"There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is distinct from the wrong. Whoever rejects evil and believes in God has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that never breaks.” (Q.2:256): The prohibition of compulsion in religion is like a "clear blue sky" after a storm, offering a space where faith can thrive without force. This verse stands as a "pillar of liberty," allowing moral autonomy as a divine right.
Christian Perspective
2 Corinthians 3:17: Where the Spirit is, there is freedom—this freedom is likened to "an unchained melody," vibrant and unfettered. It speaks to the Christian belief that true freedom is found in a life aligned with God’s will.
• Luke 4:18: "The Spirit of the Lord is upon me… He has sent me to proclaim liberty to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to set at liberty those who are oppressed." Jesus’s mission statement is like "a key unlocking chains," illustrating liberation as a core component of divine purpose. Here, freedom is portrayed as a divine remedy for oppression, one that restores wholeness to body, mind, and soul.
Jewish Perspective
• Exodus 6:6-7: "I will free you from the burdens of the Egyptians and deliver you from their bondage… and I will take you as My people, and I will be your God." This passage is a "light breaking through darkness," symbolizing the Exodus as a profound journey from oppression to liberation. Just as dawn follows the darkest night, God’s promise of deliverance is a "beacon of hope" for those in bondage, underscoring that freedom is central to God’s covenant with His people.
• Leviticus 25:10: "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." This commandment to observe the Jubilee Year serves as a "trumpet blast" of liberation, a reminder that freedom is a divine command. In Judaism, the Jubilee represents a fresh start, where debts are forgiven, and captives are freed—a "reset button" divinely gifted for restoring justice and equality across the land.
The Convergence of Liberationary Ideas:
"The Quran's insistence on justice, equality and compassion as the core values of Islam has inspired Muslim liberation theologians to challenge oppressive structures and promote social justice." (Esack, Farid, Quran, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1997, p.114)
"The option for the poor is not a tactical move but a theological imperative. The poor are the real protagonists of history." (Gutierrez, Gustavo, A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics and Salvation, Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1988, p.88)
"The task of Jewish liberation theology is to challenge the dominant interpretations of Judaism that legitimize oppression and to reclaim the prophetic tradition of justice, equality and freedom."(Ellis, Marc H, Toward a Jewish Theology of Liberation, Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2004 (revised edition), p.123)
These expressions demonstrate Abrahamic liberation theologians' shared commitment to justice, compassion and human dignity, transcending denominational precincts.
Liberation theologies across Abrahamic traditions—Islam, Christianity, and Judaism—highlight striking similarities, underscoring a shared commitment to justice, equality, and human dignity. These theologies draw from the core values of their respective scriptures, which, together, form a “twin compass” that guides believers toward a world where every individual can live with dignity and freedom. Jewish, Christian, and Islamic liberation theologies emphasize the importance of action. They urge adherents to “roll up their sleeves” and become advocates for the marginalized, working to transform societies so that they better reflect divine ideals of justice and equality. These theologies invite believers to become the “voices for the voiceless,” championing the cause of the oppressed and challenging systems of power and privilege. A central tenet of liberation theology is the empowerment of the poor and disenfranchised. It recognizes the inherent worth and potential of the marginalized, inspiring them to become agents of change. This often involves a re-examination and reinterpretation of religious texts, bringing to light their social justice dimensions and confronting traditional interpretations that have historically justified oppression.
Another essential theme is the significance of interfaith solidarity. Liberation theologians understand that the struggle for justice transcends religious boundaries. Collaboration across faiths becomes a powerful tool for addressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. By focusing on the ethical imperatives of faith, liberation theologies inspire believers to actively engage in social reform and to challenge structures that perpetuate injustice. They call for a reimagining of religious teachings, where the needs of the marginalized take precedence and where compassion drives transformative action. This shared vision for human liberation holds the promise of bridging religious divides and fostering meaningful interfaith collaboration.
In this way, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam remind us that justice is a “fire in the belly” of every believer—a moral imperative that transcends boundaries. They offer a “road map to redemption,” guiding followers to build a world where compassion, equality, and freedom are as essential as the air we breathe.
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(V.A. Mohamad Ashrof is an independent Indian scholar of Islamic humanism. He writes with a passion for developing Quranic hermeneutics that prioritize human well-being, peace, and progress. His work inspires the creation of a just society, fosters critical thinking, and promotes inclusive discourse and peaceful coexistence. He receives his mail at vamashrof@gmail.com)
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